What counts as a switching cost
Switching costs are the total burden of changing supplier or platform: data migration and cleansing, integration rebuilds, licence overlaps during parallel running, retraining, productivity loss during transition, contractual exit charges, and the management attention the move consumes. They also include risk, the possibility the migration itself fails, which is a cost even when it never materialises.
The asymmetry vendors understand better than buyers
Buyers estimate switching costs occasionally, under duress, when a relationship has already soured. Vendors model them continuously, because the gap between your cost to leave and their price to stay is their pricing corridor. A supplier will happily concede margin at initial sale to build switching costs, deep integration, proprietary data structures, embedded staff, and recover it across years of renewals priced just below your pain threshold. For decision preparation this cuts in both directions: an artificially low switching estimate flatters a stay-put decision, and an inflated one is the incumbent's favourite argument.